AWS Interview Question2

 Sources:https://www.examtopics.com/discussions/amazon/view/87928-exam-aws-certified-cloud-practitioner-topic-1-question-300/

https://intellipaat.com/blog/interview-question/amazon-aws-interview-questions/#:~:text=How%20will%20you%20accomplish%20the,EC2%20instances%20as%20target%20instances.

https://mcqvillage.in/questions/2653/company-deployed-application-multiple-amazon-instances-which

1.  Auto Scaling group Limitations:

2. • The names of scheduled actions must be unique per Auto Scaling group.

   • A scheduled action must have a unique time value. If you attempt to schedule an activity at a time when another scaling activity is already scheduled, the call is rejected and returns an error indicating that a scheduled action with this scheduled start time already exists.

   • You can create a maximum of 125 scheduled actions per Auto Scaling group.

• Reactive Scaling. In Reactive auto-scaling, the resources are scaled in response to traffic surges.
• Predictive Scaling. Predictive auto-scaling uses machine learning to forecast the traffic.
• Scheduled Scaling. Scheduled scaling adjusts resources based on a schedule. ...
• Manual Scaling. 
• Dynamic Scaling.

1. Scenario: Data Encryption

   • Question: How would you ensure that sensitive data stored in an Amazon S3 bucket is encrypted at rest and in transit?
   • Answer: I would enable server-side encryption (SSE) for the S3 bucket, choosing either SSE-S3, SSE-KMS, or SSE-C based on the organization's requirements. Additionally, I would configure the bucket policy to enforce the use of HTTPS (TLS) for data in transit.

2. Scenario: Identity and Access Management (IAM)

   • Question: Suppose you have multiple AWS accounts within your organization. How would you manage access and permissions across these accounts to ensure security and compliance?
   • Answer: I would set up AWS Organizations to create a multi-account environment. I'd use cross-account IAM roles to grant permissions across accounts securely. This allows for centralized management of IAM policies while ensuring the principle of least privilege.

3. Scenario: Incident Response

   • Question: Describe the steps you would take in response to a security incident involving a compromised EC2 instance. What tools and AWS services would you leverage?
   • Answer: I would isolate the compromised instance by changing security group rules or using network ACLs. Then, I'd use AWS CloudWatch Logs and AWS CloudTrail to investigate and analyze the incident. If necessary, I'd terminate the compromised instance and launch a clean replacement.

4. Scenario: VPC Security

   • Question: You're tasked with securing an Amazon VPC hosting critical applications. What measures would you implement to prevent unauthorized access and protect against potential network threats?
   • Answer: I would configure network security using security groups and NACLs, implement VPC Flow Logs for monitoring, use VPNs or AWS Direct Connect for secure connectivity, and possibly deploy AWS WAF for web application protection.

5. Scenario: DDoS Mitigation

   • Question: How would you architect a solution to mitigate Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks on your web application hosted on AWS?
   • Answer: I would use AWS Shield (standard or advanced) for DDoS protection. Additionally, I might leverage Amazon CloudFront for content delivery and Route 53 for DNS, both of which are integrated with AWS Shield.

6. Scenario: Key Management

   • Question: Explain the key considerations for managing and rotating encryption keys for a database hosted on Amazon RDS.
   • Answer: I would use AWS Key Management Service (KMS) to manage encryption keys for the RDS instance. Regularly rotating keys is essential for security. I'd also ensure proper backup and recovery procedures for the keys.

7. Scenario: Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)

   • Question: Your organization is adopting MFA for enhanced security. How would you enforce MFA for AWS IAM users and integrate it into your authentication process?
   • Answer: I would enable MFA for IAM users, requiring the use of hardware or virtual MFA devices. Additionally, I'd enforce the use of MFA for specific IAM roles or API actions using IAM policies.

8. Scenario: Compliance and Auditing

   • Question: Your organization must adhere to specific compliance requirements (e.g., HIPAA, GDPR). How would you ensure that your AWS environment meets these compliance standards?
   • Answer: I would follow AWS best practices for compliance, leverage AWS Artifact for obtaining compliance reports, implement necessary controls and encryption, and regularly conduct audits and assessments.

9. Scenario: Security Groups vs. Network ACLs

   • Question: Compare and contrast the use cases for Security Groups and Network Access Control Lists (NACLs) in an Amazon VPC. When would you use one over the other?
   • Answer: Security Groups operate at the instance level and are stateful, while NACLs operate at the subnet level and are stateless. Security Groups are typically used for allowing/denying traffic to instances, while NACLs provide more granular control over inbound and outbound traffic at the subnet level.

10. Scenario: AWS WAF and Application Security

• Question: You're responsible for securing a web application against common web exploits. How would you use AWS WAF (Web Application Firewall) to protect your application?
• Answer: I would configure AWS WAF to create rules that filter and monitor HTTP traffic. This includes setting up conditions based on IP addresses, request headers, or string patterns, and creating web ACLs to apply these rules to the application.

Below are scenario-based interview questions for an AWS architect role along with suggested answers:

1. Scenario: Migration to the Cloud

   • Question: Your organization is planning to migrate its existing on-premises infrastructure to AWS. How would you approach this migration, considering factors like data transfer, downtime, and resource optimization?
   • Answer: I would begin by conducting a thorough assessment of the existing infrastructure, identifying dependencies, and creating a migration plan. I'd leverage AWS Migration Hub for tracking the progress, AWS Server Migration Service for server migrations, and AWS Database Migration Service for database migrations. Strategies like Lift-and-Shift or re-platforming would be chosen based on the specific requirements of each application.

2. Scenario: High Availability and Fault Tolerance

   • Question: Design a highly available and fault-tolerant architecture for a critical web application on AWS. Consider factors such as multi-AZ deployment, load balancing, and automated scaling.
   • Answer: I would recommend deploying the application across multiple Availability Zones (AZs) for high availability. I'd use an Auto Scaling group to automatically adjust the number of instances based on demand. A load balancer (e.g., AWS Elastic Load Balancing) would distribute traffic across these instances. Additionally, I'd leverage Amazon RDS Multi-AZ deployments for database redundancy.

3. Scenario: Serverless Architecture

   • Question: Your organization wants to build a serverless application for processing data in real-time. How would you design this architecture using AWS services?
   • Answer: I would use AWS Lambda for event-driven processing, Amazon Kinesis for real-time data streaming, and Amazon DynamoDB for a serverless, highly available database. AWS Step Functions could be used to orchestrate the workflow, and Amazon S3 for storing and managing large datasets.

4. Scenario: Security Best Practices

   • Question: What security best practices would you implement to secure an AWS environment? Consider aspects like identity and access management, encryption, and network security.
   • Answer: I would implement strong identity and access controls using AWS IAM, encrypt data in transit and at rest using services like AWS Key Management Service (KMS) and SSL/TLS, configure Security Groups and Network ACLs to control network traffic, enable AWS CloudTrail for auditing, and regularly conduct security assessments and vulnerability scans.

5. Scenario: Cost Optimization

   • Question: Your organization is concerned about controlling costs in the AWS environment. How would you optimize costs while ensuring the performance and availability of resources?
   • Answer: I would leverage AWS Cost Explorer and AWS Budgets to monitor and forecast costs. Implementing Auto Scaling for dynamic resource allocation, using Reserved Instances for cost savings, and employing AWS Lambda for serverless computing are strategies I would recommend. Additionally, I'd consider using AWS Trusted Advisor for cost optimization recommendations.

6. Scenario: Big Data Processing

   • Question: Design an architecture for processing and analyzing large datasets in a cost-effective manner using AWS. Consider services like Amazon EMR, Amazon Redshift, and Amazon Athena.
   • Answer: I would use Amazon S3 for storing large datasets, Amazon EMR for distributed data processing, and Amazon Redshift for data warehousing. Athena could be used for querying data directly from S3 without the need for a dedicated database. Leveraging AWS Glue for ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) processes would also be beneficial.

7. Scenario: Global Content Delivery

   • Question: Your organization wants to deliver content globally with low latency. How would you design a content delivery architecture using AWS services?
   • Answer: I would recommend using Amazon CloudFront, AWS's Content Delivery Network (CDN), for distributing content globally. Additionally, I might deploy resources in multiple AWS regions, leverage Amazon Route 53 for DNS routing based on latency, and use Amazon S3 for storing static content.

8. Scenario: Disaster Recovery

   • Question: Design a disaster recovery plan for critical applications running on AWS. Consider factors like backup strategies, cross-region replication, and failover mechanisms.
   • Answer: I would implement regular automated backups using AWS Backup or services specific to each application. Cross-region replication for critical data would be configured to ensure data redundancy. Multi-AZ deployments and the use of AWS Route 53 for DNS failover would provide high availability and quick recovery in case of a disaster.